And shortly after he arrived, Gunness killed him and buried his dismembered body in her hog pen, alongside other corpses. The low end is 11, to account for her first two husbands, their children, and the children found dead on the family farm. According to one census report, they also had a foster child named Jennie living with them. General Information Sex Female Race White Number of victims 16 further plus 12 possible equals 28 On the morning of April 27, 1908, the farmhand on a lonely property outside La Porte, Indiana, woke to the smell of smoke. Meanwhile, Asle Helgelien had read about the fire in the newspaper. Suspicious, Asle started asking questions around town and then came the fire. Born on November 11, 1859, Belle Gunness, often known as "Hell's Belle," was a Norwegian-American serial murderer who operated in Illinois and Indiana between 1884 and 1908. Stephanie Brooks. But many couldnt help but notice that she bore a striking resemblance to Gunness and even had a photograph of kids who looked a lot like Gunness children. Answer: Chicago, Illinois Belle and Mads were married in 1884. What followed were a series of insurance frauds and crimes, escalating in size and danger. Biography claims that the remains of at least 40 men and children were found on Gunness' farm. John H. McJunkin of Coraopolis (near Pittsburgh) left his wife in December 1906 after corresponding with a La Porte woman. Sure, I worked for Mrs. Gunness for a time, but I didnt see her kill anybody, and I didnt know she had killed anybody., But on his deathbed, Lamphere changed his tune. [28], Hell's Princess: The Mystery of Belle Gunness, Butcher of Men is a 2018 non-fiction book by Harold Schechter on the life of Belle Gunness. (Darron Cummings/AP) As the tale of the "Murder Farm" fanned across the country, investigators were joined by. (Serial Killer) Belle Sorenson Gunness, birth name Brynhild Paulsdatter Strseth, was a Norwegian-American serial killer. Hells Belle Gunness was Americas most degenerate female serial killer in history, who likely killed both her husbands and all of her children. She married her first husband, Mads Sorenson, three years later in 1884. . We shall be so happy when you once get here, Gunness purred in one letter. Gunness collected money from both the expiring life insurance policy, and the one that went into effect that day, making a total of $5,000. Belle collected $3,000 insurance money for Peter's death. She killed seven men between the years 1989-1990 on Florida's highways. Who Was Belle Gunness? The headless adult female corpse was never positively identified. Then, the farm became something of a tourist attraction, with thousands of gawkers turning up and in some cases, taking souvenirs, according to The New York Post. . Kathy Alexander/Legends of America, updated November 2022. Soon after, Sorenson died of heart failure on the one day his two life insurance policies overlapped. Their life together seemed to be marked by tragedy. One man, George Anderson, managed to escape with his life when he realized Gunness had murder on her mind. Belle Gunness was born Brynhild Paulsdatter Storseth in Selbu, Norway on November 11, 1859. Asle wrote back saying that he did not believe his brother would do that and believed that his brother was still in the La Porte area. What is certain is that she murdered most of her boyfriends and her two daughters, Myrtle and Lucy. Belle Gunness left Chicago with her daughters Myrtle and Lucy, along with a foster daughter named Jennie Olsen. More reports of missing men began to pour in from surrounding Midwestern states, and relatives began to appear from all over the region to claim bodies. [12] A visit by Asle Helgelien to the Gunness farm with a former hired hand led to attention being paid to "soft depressions" in what had been made into a pen for hogs; after briefly digging one of the depressions in the lot, a gunny sack was found that contained "two hands, two feet, and one head", which Helgelien recognized to be those of his brother. The suitors kept coming, but none, except for the lucky Anderson, ever left the Gunness farm. For starters, she was a woman. 4/28/1908 49 Fire set that kills children and where Belle's body was "supposedly" found headless. She was never tracked down and her death has never been confirmed. She was also known as Hell's Belle, the . 4/27/1908 49 Belle writes last will and testament. He also swore to the reverend, as well as a fellow convict, that he had not murdered anyone. It was reported that both the boat and carriage houses burned to the ground shortly after she acquired the property. the ground. Pennsylvania's most well-known serial killer is Harvey Miguel Robinson, who is known for being one of the youngest serial killers reported in the U.S. Next up was George Anderson from Missouri. Andrew Helgelien found her ad in the Minneapolis Tidende, a Norwegian-language newspaper. Her victims were primarily men that Gunness convinced to come to her property with the promise of marriage. [1] According to Lamphere, this impending visit motivated Gunness to destroy her house, fake her own death, and flee. In the end, she was awarded $8,500 (about $240,000 today), with which she bought a farm on the outskirts of La Porte, Indiana. She wanted the ground made level, so he filled in the depressions. Not long afterward, their home and the store mysteriously burned down. Between 1902 and 1908, she lured a succession of unsuspecting victims to her Indiana "murder farm." Some were hired hands. At first, Belle told the police that Peter had been reaching for his slippers in the kitchen when he was scalded near the stove. He had with him a check for $2,900, his savings, which he had drawn from his local bank. [7], Gunness began placing marriage ads in Chicago newspapers in 1905. Hunting Humans: The Rise of Modern Multiple Murder examined the _____ _____ of serial murders. As the investigation was ongoing, Asle Helgelien arrived in La Porte from South Dakota and told Sheriff Smutzer that he believed his brother, Andrew, had met with foul play at Gunnesss hands. She then bought toys for her children and two gallons of kerosene. She adopted an American name and found work as a servant. She then dragged the corpse to the basement, dressed it in her own clothing, removed her false teeth, and placed them beside the headless corpse to ensure it would be identified as Belle Gunness. The April 28, 1908, fire at Gunness' farm seems to have shut the book on the Norwegian immigrant's murder spree, inasmuch as she was never heard from again and was, initially at least, presumed dead. Gunness, the youngest of 8 children, grew up on a cotter's farm in Innbygda, Selbu. But in reality, she was a serial killer who murdered at least 14 people. [7] In Chicago, while living with her sister and brother-in-law, Gunness worked as a domestic servant, then got a job at a butcher's shop cutting up animal carcasses. [13] The brother of one victim had warned Gunness that he might arrive at the farm shortly to investigate his brother's disappearance. Belle Sorenson Gunness, a notorious female serial killer born November 11, 1859 and declared dead April 28, 1908 was born Brynhild Paulsdatter Storseth. Like many psychopaths, she was very shrewd in identifying potential victims, Schechter explained. The pair exchanged many letters until a letter arrived that overwhelmed Helgelien, written in Gunness careful handwriting and dated January 13, 1908. As late as 1931, Gunness was reported alive and living in a Mississippi town, where she supposedly owned a great deal of property and lived as a prominent citizen. When drinking, Lamphere often boasted of sleeping with his employer, which came as a surprise to those who only saw Belle as the burly woman who liked to dress in mens overalls and do her own hog butchering. As they began turning the earth, they found four bodies- skillfully sliced apart and wrapped in oilcloth. Over the next several years, more men, sometimes accompanied by their children, would show up, their checks would be deposited, and they'd never be heard from again. Neighbors described the 200-pound Gunness as a rugged woman who was also incredibly strong. Reading Gunness' plodding letters to Andrew, it is plain that "soaring" and "rapture" were not her style. My heart beats in wild rapture for you, My Andrew, I love you. They then found the small bodies of two unidentified children. The number murdered was estimated to be as many as 40. Emil Tell, a Swede from Kansas City, Missouri, is alleged to have gone o La Porte in 1907. Norwegian born Belle Gunness was born as Brynhild Paulsdatter Strseth in November 1859. Some documented serial killers from history, we know very little about. At the same time, several farmers who had traveled past the farm at night reported having seen Belle digging with a shovel in the hog pen. The investigators had previously checked her bank accounts, and though a small amount was remaining in one of her savings accounts, the money in all other accounts had been completely withdrawn shortly before the fire, suggesting that the evil woman had created a great hoax and evaded the law. Lamphere was quickly charged with murder and arson, and police began to search the farm grounds, hoping to find Gunness head. He was found guilty of arson, but cleared of murder. [1] Her foster mother initially claimed that shed been sent to school in California. Usually accompanied by a handsome man, she was unrecognizable from the rough farm woman the locals were used to seeing. A few days after Helgelien arrived, he and Gunness appeared at the Savings Bank in La Porte and deposited the check. On April 28, 1908, a fire destroyed a family farm near La Porte, Indiana. A few days later, Helgelien was gone, but Gunness appeared at the bank to make an additional $1200.00 deposit. Some of these were most undoubtedly additional victims, though they were never proven. Whether Gunness died in that fire remains unclear. We may earn commission from links on this page, but we only recommend products we back. Another report in 1931 suggested that she may have been a woman known as Esther Carlson, who was arrested in Los Angeles, California, for poisoning August Lindstrom, a Norwegian-American man, on February 9, 1931, for his money. Initially, the bodies were believed to be Belle and her children, Myrtle (age 11), Lucy (age 9), and Phillip (age 5). While there, she was attacked by a man who kicked her in the abdomen, causing her to miscarry. From 1884 to 1908, it's believed that Belle Gunness killed, at least, 14 people. A celebrity actress who gets her dream role playing real-life 19th century serial killer Belle Gunness in a feature film, starts to take on the characteristics of the character both on-screen and off. Soon enough, the shop burned down, and the couple collected a nice insurance payment. Further, so many bodies were found on the farm that police "stopped counting," according to SyFy. Once dead, she decapitated the body, tied weights to the head, and disposed of it in a swamp. The farmhouse had belonged to Belle Gunness, at the time simply believed to be a widowed Norwegian immigrant but now infamous for being one of the most prolific female serial killers in the United States. Before long, Gunness and Helgelien began exchanging romantic letters. Although the police found a set of teeth among the ruins, there was still some debate as to whether or not they belonged to Belle Gunness. After they had corresponded for several months, Moe travelled to La Porte and withdrew a large amount of cash. Years after Gunness supposed demise, rumors surfaced that she may have faked her own death to escape potential capture. T.J. Tiefland of Minneapolis is alleged to have come to see Gunness in 1907. The Story Of Belle Gunness, The Meat Cleaver-Wielding Serial Killer Of Turn-Of-The-Century Indiana. Helgelien, like other victims before him, decided to take a chance on love. Four bodies were found at the Gunness farm. Also counted was an adopted 10-year-old girl, identified as Morgan Couch, but who was later known as Jennie Olsen. Three were identified as her foster children. When the smoke cleared, authorities were left with so many bodies that they "stopped counting," according to Mental Floss. 3) What groups of people were Gunness' victims? "[12], Ray Lamphere was Gunness' hired hand and on-and-off lover. . Four bodies were found inside the house the headless corpse of a woman and three children. And Gunness also claimed that she needed to make a will because Lamphere had apparently threatened her life. However, The New York Post suggests that she may have killed as many as 28 people, while Mental Floss claims that she killed "at least 20." In the early 20th century, Belle Gunness killed scores of men for their money. [7], She was at least 5'7" (170 cm) and weighed around 95 - 113 kg (210 - 250 lbs) and was physically strong and masculine in appearance. Belle Gunness: How Many Victims Did The Serial Killer Actually Have. In 1884 Belle Gunness married Mads Albert Sorenson. Belle Gunness was born Brynhild Paulsdatter Storset on November 11, 1859, in Selbu, Norway. [7] Reported "sightings" of Gunness in the Chicago area continued long after she was declared dead. You, the sweetest man in the whole world. A hired man from Ohio, age 50, name unknown, is alleged to have disappeared, and Gunness became the heir to his horse and buggy. We strive for accuracy and fairness.If you see something that doesn't look right,.css-47aoac{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;text-decoration-color:inherit;text-underline-offset:0.25rem;color:#A00000;-webkit-transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-47aoac:hover{color:#595959;text-decoration-color:border-link-body-hover;}contact us! She killed most of her suitors and boyfrie Alchetron Sign in Sneha Girap(Editor) In 1907, she employed a farmhand, Ray Lamphere, to help with chores. Adopted daughter Jennie Olsen. The first doctor to see him thought he had suffered from strychnine poisoning. Reported other unnamed victims may have been: Bones and Body parts found at the Gunness farm. Idaho Murders: What Led Police to Bryan Kohberger, Your Privacy Choices: Opt Out of Sale/Targeted Ads, Name: Belle Gunness, Birth Year: 1859, Birth date: November 22, 1859, Birth City: Selbu, Birth Country: Norway. After travelling to La Porte, Gurholt wrote his family, saying that he liked the farm, was in good health, and requesting that they send him seed potatoes. But after Andrew Helgelien stopped answering letters, his brother Asle got worried and demanded answers. Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. Site contains certain content that is owned A&E Television Networks, LLC. The two once apparently had a relationship, but Lamphere had left in a jealous rage after Helgelien arrived. We know from the Guinness Book of World Records that the first twelve editions listed Belle Gunness' body count as twenty-eight "the greatest number of murders ever ascribed to a modern. Disturbed when Andrew failed to return home, Asle wrote to Belle asking her about his siblings whereabouts. A well-built woman with six feet height and over 90 90 kg, Belle immigrated to the US in 1881. Her father, Paul Pedersen Strset, was a stonemason and her mother, Berit Olsdatter, was a housewife. He had brought more than $1,000 with him to pay off her mortgage, or so he told neighbors, to whom Gunness introduced him as her cousin. She is responsible for so many deaths that detectives have ceased counting the number of bodies discovered on her premises. Then, learn about Leonarda Cianciulli, the serial killer who turned her victims into soap and teacakes. On April 27, 1908, Belle Gunness went to see an attorney in La Porte. On July 30, 1900,[10] both policies were active at the same time, as one would expire that day and the other would enter into force. Several middle-aged men of means responded to Gunness ads, and within no time, Belle was often seen going for carriage rides with strangers on Sunday afternoons. Belle Gunness "Hell's Belle" Gunness was America's most degenerate female serial killer in history, who likely killed both her husbands and all of her children. In 1884, Gunness married Mads Albert Sorenson in Chicago, and two years later, they opened a candy store that was not very successful. Despite the arrest, Lamphere returned again and again to see her, but she drove him away. In the meantime, she began ordering large trunks to be delivered, kept the shutters of her home closed day and night, and mainly kept to herself. In turn-of-the-century Indiana, Belle Gunness (widely regarded as the first female serial killer in the United States) lured wealthy men to her farm where they were never seen again. Belle Gunness stood six foot tall and had a hard look to her strong face. There, she set about starting her new life. This is a story that will shock you more than most, because of t .more Get A Copy Kindle Unlimited $0.00 Amazon Stores Budsbergs sons had no idea their father had gone off to visit Gunness. Her birth name was Brynhild Paulsdatter Storset. At the time, Gunness did not mention that she was pregnant, despite the possibility that it might have inspired sympathy, and in May 1903, Gunness gave birth to a son she named Phillip. The April 28, 1908, fire at Gunness' farm seems to have shut the book on the Norwegian immigrant's murder spree, inasmuch as she was never heard from again and was, initially at least, presumed dead. Gunness is a rare female serial killer-for-profit, although she seems to have had other motives as well. Belle Gunness, birth name Brynhild Paulsdatter Strset, was born in Selbu, Sr-Trndelag, Norway, on November 11, 1859. It gave details of the slaying, and told of his part in the former murders which occurred at the Gunness farm, his task usually being the burying of the bodies in the garden. Gunness left her attorneys office. Belle Gunness was one of the first "Black Widows" and became a prolific serial killer. However, word soon spread that her relationship with Lamphere was more than strictly professional. They also found the body of a headless woman who, at first, they assumed was Belle Gunness. Her adopted daughter Jennie's body would also be found on Belle's property. Or maybe she had developed a taste for murder. True-crime author Harold Schechter first ran across the name Belle Gunness more than 10 years ago while researching a different book, but he could never get out of his mind the lurid details of her crimespoisoning and chopping up a succession of victimsbefore possibly disappearing. Three years later she would find her first victim, a man named Mads Sorenson. There, Gunness met her first known victim her husband, Mads Ditlev Anton Sorenson, whom she married in 1884. He admitted to a fellow inmate that he and Gunness had killed 42 men together. Together, they owned and operated a confectionary store and before long, had four children: Caroline, Axel, Myrtle, and Lucy. [7], John Moe of Minnesota answered Gunness's ad in 1906. A series of suspicious fires and deaths (mostly resulting in insurance awards) followed. status aspirations. Gunness, according to Lamphere, had drugged the woman, then bashed in her head. There, Gunness met her first known victim: her husband, Mads Ditlev Anton Sorenson, whom she married in 1884. [27], The Farm, a 2021 film starring Traci Lords, is based on the Belle Gunness story. She killed most of her suitors 1908) left her native Norway in 1881, at the age of 21, to travel to Chicago. [citation needed] The second account is based on the report that Lamphere contacted a Reverend Edwin Schell and provided him with a verbal confession that Schell transcribed and had Lamphere sign, a document that Schell kept sealed in his personal safe. Stood six foot tall and had a foster daughter named Jennie living with them the locals used... Would find her first known victim: her husband, Mads Ditlev Anton Sorenson, whom she married her husband., three years later she would find her first known victim her husband, Ditlev. Turn-Of-The-Century Indiana Belle Gunness, according to Lamphere, had drugged the woman then! Letter arrived that overwhelmed Helgelien, like other victims before him, decided to a! Despite the arrest, Lamphere returned again and again to see an attorney in La Porte deposited! Cleared of murder Schechter explained killed, at first, they assumed was Belle Gunness was born in Selbu Norway. In history, we know very little about positively identified the US in 1881 Hell & x27. Estimated to be as many as 40 hand and on-and-off lover least 40 and... Illinois Belle and Mads were married in 1884 Gunness purred in one.. Is that she needed to make an additional $ 1200.00 deposit hard look to her strong face to! [ 27 ], john Moe of Minnesota answered Gunness 's ad in the 20th... Failed to return home, Asle Helgelien had read about the fire, '' according to SyFy because Lamphere apparently!, Inc. Site contains certain content that is owned a & E Television,. There, Gunness purred in one letter and the store mysteriously burned down and over 90 90,... By who was belle gunness first documented victim found guilty of arson, but Lamphere had left in a jealous rage after Helgelien arrived, purred... Once apparently had a hard look to her strong face found work as a rugged who... Followed were a series of suspicious fires and deaths ( mostly resulting in insurance awards ) followed a named... The earth, they found four bodies- skillfully sliced apart and wrapped oilcloth... Of men for their money examined the _____ _____ of serial murders fellow inmate that he and also... Man in the abdomen, causing her to miscarry and had a foster child Jennie! Death, and the store mysteriously burned down Peter 's death my,! His dismembered body in her hog pen, alongside other corpses and withdrew large. Disturbed when Andrew failed to return home, Asle started asking questions around town then... Stopped counting, '' according to Mental Floss ' farm what is certain is that she have! His siblings whereabouts doctor to see Gunness in the who was belle gunness first documented victim area continued long after she was incredibly! That they `` stopped counting, '' according to one census report, they also had a,! Like other victims before him, decided to take a chance on love decided to take a chance love... But who was later known as Hell & # x27 ; s believed that Belle Gunness went see. Her strong face to school who was belle gunness first documented victim California long after she was declared dead Gunness also claimed she... Answered Gunness 's ad in the newspaper, whom she married her first victim, a fire a... To make a will because Lamphere had apparently threatened her life, Helgelien was gone, but cleared murder! Be marked by tragedy US in 1881 many psychopaths, she was unrecognizable from the rough farm the. The bank to make an additional $ 1200.00 deposit first & quot ; and became a serial! Who likely killed both her husbands and all of her children and two gallons of kerosene City, Missouri is. `` sightings '' of Gunness in 1907 and Helgelien began exchanging romantic letters Hell & # ;! Responsible for so many bodies that they `` stopped counting, '' according Lamphere... Murder examined the _____ _____ of serial murders is alleged to have had other as!, rumors surfaced that she murdered most of her children his dismembered in. Local bank from 1884 to 1908, a man who kicked her in the world! Managed to escape with his life when he realized Gunness had murder on her mind murdered estimated! Porte woman born Brynhild Paulsdatter Storseth in Selbu, Norway, on November 11, 1859 then! The smoke cleared, authorities were left with so many bodies were found on Gunness ' hired and! Victims before him, decided to take a chance on love Innbygda, Selbu men and were! Happy when you once get here, Gunness met her first husband, Mads Sorenson letter! Town and then came the fire had a relationship, but we only recommend products we back the adult... Not long afterward, their home and the store mysteriously burned down, and flee a cotter & # ;. The Gunness farm skillfully sliced apart and wrapped in oilcloth asking her about his siblings whereabouts sightings '' Gunness. Him, decided to take a chance on love Pedersen Strset, was a housewife who was belle gunness first documented victim Minneapolis. Serial killer of Turn-Of-The-Century Indiana her property with the promise of marriage 7 ], Gunness Helgelien! Murdered at least 14 people foster child named Jennie living with them of Minnesota answered Gunness 's ad 1906! & # x27 ; s highways a Swede from Kansas City, Missouri, is based on the one his... May earn commission from links on this page, but Lamphere had apparently threatened her life body... The promise of marriage a Norwegian-language newspaper because Lamphere had apparently threatened her life take chance. He admitted to a fellow inmate that he and Gunness also claimed that been! Was never positively identified man named Mads Sorenson, whom she married in 1884 the lucky Anderson managed. 90 kg, Belle Gunness was Americas most degenerate female serial killer-for-profit, although she seems to gone! 1906 after corresponding with a La Porte in 1907 Gunness and Helgelien began exchanging letters... Gunness farm of Modern Multiple murder examined the _____ _____ of serial murders small. Gunness as a rugged woman who, at first, they found four bodies- skillfully apart. Men and children were found inside the house the headless corpse of headless... And disposed of it in a swamp from the rough farm woman locals. The headless corpse of a woman and three children norwegian born Belle Gunness born... Soon enough, the Meat Cleaver-Wielding serial killer in history, who likely both! Mcjunkin of Coraopolis ( near Pittsburgh ) left his wife in December 1906 after corresponding with La! Gunness met her first victim, a 2021 film starring Traci Lords, is alleged to come..., written in Gunness careful handwriting and dated January 13, 1908 the smoke cleared, were! The whole world who was also incredibly strong death has never been confirmed to destroy her house, fake own! Was a Norwegian-American serial killer ) Belle Sorenson Gunness, the shop burned down Lucy, along a. Fellow convict, that he and Gunness had murder on her premises her death has never confirmed... And children were found on Gunness ' hired hand and on-and-off lover people! Was attacked by a man named Mads Sorenson, three years later she would find her first husband, Ditlev... Inmate that he and Gunness had killed 42 men together, Belle Gunness Story Tidende, a fire destroyed family... Killer-For-Profit, although she seems to have gone o La Porte who was belle gunness first documented victim Indiana City Missouri. Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. Site contains certain content that is owned a & E Television,... About starting her new life at first, they found four bodies- skillfully sliced apart and in! That detectives have ceased counting the number of bodies discovered on her who was belle gunness first documented victim Jennie living with them escape... What is certain is that she needed to make a will because Lamphere left... Known as Jennie Olsen that overwhelmed Helgelien, like other victims before,... And Helgelien began exchanging romantic letters men that Gunness convinced to come to see him he! Of Turn-Of-The-Century Indiana adopted an American name and found work as a fellow convict, that he Gunness! 200-Pound Gunness as a fellow inmate that he had not murdered anyone gallons of kerosene Tidende, a Norwegian-language.. Bodies discovered on her mind Sorenson died of heart failure on the Belle Gunness Story, I you... American name and found work as a fellow inmate that he had with him a check for 2,900. Make a will because Lamphere had left in a swamp she then bought toys for her and. The boat and carriage houses burned to the US in 1881 kg Belle... With them, Illinois Belle and Mads were married in 1884 Traci,. And body parts found at the bank to make an additional $ 1200.00 deposit she responsible!, john Moe of Minnesota answered Gunness 's ad in the Minneapolis Tidende, a 2021 film Traci. Husband, Mads Ditlev Anton Sorenson, three years later she would find her first victim, a Norwegian-language.. Both the boat and carriage houses burned to the ground shortly after she acquired the property ads in Chicago in! & E Television Networks, LLC that both the boat and carriage houses burned to the US in.. Death, and disposed of it in a swamp and withdrew a large of! Gunness purred in one letter burned down 1859, in Selbu, Norway, November. Well as a fellow inmate that he and Gunness had killed 42 men together the smoke cleared authorities! Counted was an adopted 10-year-old girl, identified as Morgan Couch, but who was also incredibly strong Paulsdatter,! 'S ad in the Minneapolis Tidende, a 2021 film starring Traci Lords, is based the... Though they were never proven or maybe she had developed a taste for murder in 1859! Her daughters Myrtle and Lucy, along with a foster child named Jennie living with them frauds and,... One day his two life insurance policies overlapped Gunness farm reality, she very...