For suppressing sensitive information such as secrets and passwords from the log and reports, see Log Masking and Report Verbosity. You could always do this in two steps: As a convenience, embedded expressions are supported on the Right Hand Side of a match statement even for quoted string literals: And do note that in Karate 1.0 onwards, ES6 string-interpolation within backticks is supported: An alternative to embedded expressions (for JSON only) is to enclose the entire payload within parentheses - which tells Karate to evaluate it as pure JavaScript. Note that this example only does a string equals check on parts of the JSON, but with Karate you are always encouraged to match the entire payload in one step. You can refer to the Java interface definition of the driver object to better understand what the various operations are. Here are the few things you need to know. The above would result in a URL like: http://myhost/mypath?someKey=hello&anotherKey=foo. please replace RELEASE with the exact version of Karate you intend to use if applicable. It is based on Cucumber and uses the Gherkin Syntax. But normally a match statement is preferred unless you want a really descriptive error message. Do note that when passing JSON, the default Map and List representations should suffice for most needs (see example), and using them would avoid un-necessary string-conversion. JsonPath and Karate expressions are not supported. And such re-use makes it easier to re-factor tests when needed, which is great for maintainability. Please refer to the wiki: Distributed Testing. results : null; The following scenario will make this clear. This is really convenient in dev-local mode. """, # yaml from a file (the extension matters), and the data-type of 'bar' would be JSON, """ A good example of the use of form field for a typical sign-in flow is this OAuth 2 demo: oauth2.feature. extracts a sub-set of key-value pairs from the first argument, the second argument can be a list (or varargs) of keys - or even another JSON where only the keys would be used for extraction, functional-style loop operation useful to traverse list-like (or even map-like) objects (e.g. ] Think of it as just like waitFor() but without the wait part. This means that as long as the token on file is valid, you can save time by not having to make the one or two HTTP calls needed to sign-in or create throw-away users in your SSO store. multipart file. While converting a number to a string is easy (just concatenate an empty string e.g. By Clicking on each step in report we can see the steps information. Note the inline use of the read function as a short-cut above. Embedded expressions also make more sense in validation and schema-like short-cut situations. Here is an example of how to get the current date, and formatted the way you want: And the above will result in something like this being logged: [print] 2017/10/16. A very rare need is to be able to convert a string which happens to be in YAML form into JSON, and this can be done via the yaml type cast keyword. So if you take the previous folder structure example, you can do this on the command-line: Here, AnimalsTest is the name of the Java class we designated to run the multiple *.feature files that make up your test-suite. And the JSON will still be well-formed, and editable in your IDE or text-editor. A good example is when you have the expected data available as ready-made JSON but it is in a different shape from the actual data or HTTP response. @smoke @module=one @module=two etc. Here are some examples: Take a look at how to loop and transform data for more ideas. The standard locator syntax is supported. You need to call a method on the driver object directly: The example below has the width, height and userAgent for an iPhone X. } Just ensure that this is configured before you use karate.callSingle(): By default Karate will use target (or build) as the cache folder, which you can over-ride by adding a dir key: This caching behavior will work only if the result of karate.callSingle() is a JSON-like object, and any JS functions or Java objects mixed in will be lost. Since paths are expected at the end of the command-line options - if you want to only over-ride tags, use the = sign to make argument values clear. Another (simple) example of a custom Target you can use as a reference is this one: karate-devicefarm-demo - which demonstrates how Karate can be used to drive tests on AWS DeviceFarm. Though not really recommended, you can have multiple Scenario-s within a Feature tagged with @setup. Karate has 6100 GitHub stars and is used by 37 of the Fortune 500 companies. It is worth pointing out that JSON is a first class citizen of the syntax such that you can express payload and expected data without having to use double-quotes and without having to enclose JSON field names in quotes. After that We will automate APIs of GitHub Repo V3. Karate and BDD Karate is built on top of Cucumber, another BDD testing framework, and shares some of the same concepts. In his article, Peter writes about the test-automation framework Karate. There are two variations. Setting values on JSON documents is simple using the set keyword. If you have a custom implementation of a Target, you can easily construct any custom Java class and pass it to configure driverTarget. The assert keyword can be used to assert that an expression returns a boolean value. Karate will traverse sub-directories and look for *.feature files. Other UI automation frameworks spend a lot of time encouraging you to follow a so-called Page Object Model for your tests. We can use this with param in And condition like below. The method argument is JSON, so that you can pass more data in addition to the value such as domain and url. A few special built-in variables such as $ (which is a reference to the JSON root) - can be mixed into JSON embedded expressions. Karate provides an elegant native-like experience for placeholder substitution within strings or text content. And yes, variables can come from global config. return sdf.format(date); Hard page reload, which will clear the cache. You can use * char instead of Gherkin keyword. function(arg) { Then use the header keyword to do a custom over-ride if needed. #(lang)#(user), """ Custom header manipulation for every HTTP request is something that Karate makes very easy and pluggable. Karate, created by Intuit a few years ago, has matured into a stable tool with unique functionality. It was first mentioned on Thoughtworks Technology Radar in April 2019 as a language/framework to assess. Gives many reasons why one should go for Karate over Selenium. And match (name) contains is how you can do so: Note that match contains will not recurse any nested JSON chunks so use match contains deep instead. All we need to do now is to tell Chrome to intercept some URL patterns and use the above mock-server feature-file: The entire example can be found here - and here is a video. function() { To reset so that you are back to the root page, just switch to null (or integer value -1): There are two forms, if a locator is provided - only that HTML element will be captured, else the entire browser viewport will be captured. Get the current page title for matching. } By default, all actions such as click() will not be re-tried - and this is what you would stick to most of the time, for tests that run smoothly and quickly. When you have a runner class in place, it would be possible to run it from the command-line as well. Of course it is an option to have Karate tests in a separate stand-alone maven project and folder, while still being in the same Git repository. And any variables which are alive in the context can be used in this expression. Of course this can be useful if the element you are seeking is diagonally offset from the locator you have. The keywords def, set, match, request and eval take multi-line input as the last argument. Here is a summary: Note that for the afterFeature hook to work, you should be using the Runner API and not the JUnit runner. The DockerTarget implementation has an example and you can find more details here. It can be easily inspected or used in expressions. Nowadays, most select (or multi-select) user experiences are JavaScript widgets, so you would be needing to fire a click() or two to get things done. Will poll using the retry() settings configured. """, """ For those who are wondering how this works behind the scenes, since read refers to the read() function, the behavior of call is that it will invoke the function and use what comes after it as the solitary function argument. Sending a file as the entire binary request body is easy (note that multipart is different): The HTTP verb - get, post, put, delete, patch, options, head, connect, trace. You can get really creative and use JS functions to filter data for different needs. sorts the list using the provided custom function called for each item in the list (and the optional second argument is the item index) e.g. Heres how it works for XML: This comes in useful in some cases - and avoids needing to use the set keyword or JavaScript functions to manipulate JSON. Might be desirable instead of, useful to brute-force all keys and values in a JSON or XML payload to lower-case, useful in some cases, see, functional-style map operation useful to transform list-like objects (e.g. And if being called in a loop, a built-in variable called __loop will also be available that will hold the value of the current loop index. 1. API tests are written in BDD (Behaviour Driven Development) Using Gherkin syntax. The Karate Demo has a working example of the recommended parallel-runner set up. Note that Content-Type had to be enclosed in quotes in the JSON above because the - (hyphen character) would cause problems otherwise. For performance reasons, you can implement enableForUri() so that this activates only for some URL patterns. Pay attention to the fact that the includes() function you see in the above example - is pure JavaScript. Also take a look at how a special case of embedded-expressions can remove key-value pairs from a JSON (or XML) payload: Remove if Null. Also refer to the wiki for using Karate with Gradle. object.name. When re-running tests in development mode and when your test suite depends on say an Authorization header set by karate.callSingle(), you can cache the results locally to a file, which is very convenient when your auth token is valid for a period of a few minutes - which typically is the case. The limitation of the Cucumber Scenario Outline: (seen above) is that the number of rows in the Examples: is fixed. Something worth mentioning here is that you would hardly need to use assert in your test scripts. And when you read your JSON objects from (re-usable) files, even complex response payload assertions can be accomplished in just a single line of Karate-script. And if you have a Scenario Outline, this happens for every row in the Examples. Karate is the only open-source tool to combine API test-automation, mocks, performance-testing and even UI automation into a single, unified framework. before you fire the method. a named JsonPath or XPath expression - e.g. You can ask for an element by its relative position to another element which is visible - such as a ,

or and for which the locator is easy to obtain. Conditional logic is not recommended especially within test scripts because tests should be deterministic. Questions tagged [karate] Ask Question Use for questions regarding Karate, an open-source tool that combines API test-automation, mocks, performance-testing and UI automation - into a single, unified framework. var results = innerText('.js-tree-browser-result-path'); Keep in mind that the reason this exists is to cache data, and not behavior. Technology Partner If you find yourself juggling multiple tags with logical AND and OR complexity, refer to this Stack Overflow answer. var JavaDemo = Java.type('com.mycompany.JavaDemo'); In situations where you start an (embedded) application server as part of the test set-up phase, a typical challenge is that the HTTP port may be determined at run-time. Very handy for waiting for an expected URL change and asserting if it happened. The example below combines this with the advanced features described above. If you are looking for Cucumber hooks Karate does not support them, mainly because they depend on Java code, which goes against the Karate Way. Karate will also run Scenario-s in parallel by default. Query Params: To filter/sort the resources from the server we used Query parameter. Use the classpath: prefix to load from the classpath instead. The match keyword can be made to iterate over all elements in a JSON array using the each modifier. You can experiment for yourself (probably depending on the size of your test-automation team) if this leads to any appreciable benefits, because the down-side is that you need to keep switching between 2 files - when writing and maintaining tests. The configure driver options are fine for testing on localhost and when not in headless mode. And since header names are case-insensitive - it ignores the case when finding the header to match. - Mix API and UI test-automation. 2. height You can use this to assert that it was returned within the expected time like so: Karate will attempt to parse the raw HTTP response body as JSON or XML and make it available as the response value. In fact, this is the mechanism used when karate-config.js is processed on start-up. Observe how the value of the field being validated (or self) is injected into the underscore expression variable: _. There can be multiple Scenario-s in a *.feature file, and at least one should be present. In fact Gherkin supports the catch-all symbol * - instead of forcing you to use Given, When or Then. After every HTTP call this variable is set with the response body, and is available until the next HTTP request over-writes it. For example you can get a nice feature coverage report, provided you have a rich set of tags. The BDD syntax that Cucumber has gone on to popularize is language-neutral, which makes it easy for nonprogrammers as well. return 'this text will be displayed above the image comparison config\n' + customConfigJson To run a script *.feature file from your Java IDE, you just need the following empty test-class in the same package. There are four variations and use the locator prefix conventions for exact and contains matches against the text-content. english Observe how using JSON for parameter-passing makes things super-readable. A very useful capability is to be able to check that an array contains an object that contains the provided sub-set of keys instead of having to specify the complete JSON - which can get really cumbersome for large objects. Now we can right click on feature file and run it. Here is an example: testCompile 'com.intuit.karate:karate-junit5:1.3.1', systemProperty "karate.options", System.properties.getProperty("karate.options"), systemProperty "karate.env", System.properties.getProperty("karate.env"), "ch.qos.logback.classic.filter.ThresholdFilter", // don't waste time waiting for a connection or if servers don't respond within 5 seconds, # steps here are executed before each Scenario in this file, # variables defined here will be 'global' to all scenarios, # and will be re-initialized before every scenario, # assigning a number (you can use '*' instead of Given / When / Then). This is rarely used, unless you are expecting binary content returned by the server. karate.appendTo(keys, x); While this sounds dangerous and should be used with care (and limits readability), the reason this feature exists is to quickly set (or over-write) a bunch of config variables when needed. "a": 1, """, """ The .graphql and .gql extensions are also recognized (for GraphQL) but are handled the same way as .txt and treated as a string. ] It can also be argued that the # symbol is easy to spot when eyeballing your test scripts - which makes things more readable and clear. So if you tried to re-use the same feature but with multiple arguments, things will not work as you expect. Test Automation | Karate Labs Open-source test automation solution used by 42 of the Fortune 500 companies. Because of how easy it is to set HTTP headers, Karate does not provide any special keywords for things like the Accept header. a JSON array). Defining the request is mandatory if you are using an HTTP method that expects a body such as post. For convenience, non-existent keys (or array elements) will be created automatically. *.feature files and JavaScript functions. In some rare cases you need to exit a Scenario based on some condition. Some XPath expressions return a list of nodes (instead of a single node). A common use case is to mix API-calls into a larger test-suite, for example a Selenium or WebDriver UI test. An advanced option is where the scenario expression returns a JavaScript generator function. The {} and {^} locator-prefixes are designed to make finding an HTML element by text content super-easy. For example, see the sayHelloFactory() method below: And now, to get a reference to that function you can do this: This can be convenient when using shared scope because you can just call sayHello('myname') where needed. In this 2-hour long project-based course, you will learn -- 1. To make dynamic data-driven testing easier, the following keywords also exist: params, headers, cookies and form fields. }, A URL remains constant until you use the url keyword again, so this is a good place to set-up the non-changing parts of your REST URL-s. A URL can take expressions, so the approach below is legal. name: 'Billie', Here is an example that combines the table keyword with calling a *.feature. Karate supports JUnit 5 and the advantage is that you can have multiple methods in a test-class. But when you use the visible text-content, for example the text within a or hyperlink (), performing a selection can be far easier. In fact it may be a good idea to slip doubles instead of integers into some of your tests ! But if you really need to use the HTTP response code in an expression or save it for later, you can get it as an integer: Note that match can give you some extra readable options: The response time (in milliseconds) for the current response would be available in a variable called responseTime. XML and XPath works just like youd expect. Can be expressions that will be evaluated. But always use the driver keyword when you start a test and you can choose to prefer that shorter form in general. return results.size() == 2 ? Everything to the right of the assert keyword will be evaluated as a single expression. So you have the following type markers you can use instead of def (or the rarely used text). The method signature of the assertTrue has flipped around a bit. In rare cases you may want to use a csv-file as-is and not auto-convert it to JSON. Note that there is a karate.fail() API that may be handy when you want to fail a test after advanced / conditional checks. What we will do is intercept any request to a URL pattern *randomuser.me/* and fake a response. This capability is triggered when the table consists of a single cell, i.e. For example, here below is an actual report generated by the cucumber-reporting open-source library. id: 1 Else the Runner.path() builder API is the same, refer the description above for JUnit 4. Another example is that for the new Microsoft Edge browser (based on Chromium), the Karate default alwaysMatch is not supported, so this is what works: Here are some of the things that you can customize, but note that these depend on the driver implementation. You can read more about the Given-When-Then convention at the Cucumber reference documentation. An image comparison UI will also be embedded into the Karate HTML report with detailed information about any differences between the two images. Here is the same example using this approach, where a couple of images need to be saved as part of the test-script: A video of the above execution can be viewed here. Normally we recommend that you keep your re-usable features lightweight - by limiting them to just one Scenario. }, These examples (all exact matches) can make things more clear: Note that you can alternatively use JsonPath on the left-hand-side: But of course it is preferable to match whole objects in one step as far as possible. Note that the duration is in milliseconds. Use the comma-delimited form (see above) or the JS helper (see below). Just like yaml, you may occasionally need to convert a string which happens to be in CSV form into JSON, and this can be done via the csv keyword. Note that if you did not need to inject Examples: into placeholders enclosed within < and >, reading from a file with the extension *.txt may have been sufficient. For convenience, a string contains match is used. In Karate - these are typically one-liners. The results of the first call are cached, and any future calls will simply return the cached result instead of executing the JavaScript function (or feature) again and again. get metadata about the currently executing feature within a test, functional-style filter operation useful to filter list-like objects (e.g. Get all my courses for USD 5.99/Month - https://bit.ly/all-courses-subscriptionIn this Karate Tutorial, we will learn about webelement functions in Karate, l. We recommend that you get comfortable with this because it is going to save you lots of time. It short-cuts to the pre-defined variable responseHeaders and reduces some complexity - because strictly, HTTP headers are a multi-valued map or a map of lists - the Java-speak equivalent being Map>. The solution is to ensure that when Karate tests run, the JVM file.encoding is set to UTF-8. This is useful when you want to express a one-off lengthy snippet of text in-line, without having to split it out into a separate file. You can do so by setting the charset to null via the configure keyword: If you need headers to be dynamically generated for each HTTP request, use a JavaScript function with configure headers instead of JSON. There are multiple options, choose the one that fits you best. Using locators in Karate UI Web Automation There are various ways we can locate an element in Karate. Multiple feature files (or paths) can be specified, de-limited by the space character. But one pattern that you should be aware of is that JSON is actually a great data-structure for looking up data. This can be a huge time-saver ! On the other hand, if you are expecting a variable in the Background to be modified by one Scenario so that later ones can see the updated value - that is not how you should think of them, and you should combine your flow into one scenario. This is useful in any situation where you need to concatenate dynamic string fragments to form content such as GraphQL or SQL. But note that ##null can be used to represent a convention that many teams adopt, which is that keys with null values are stripped from the JSON payload. var jd = new JavaDemo(); Note that waitForUrl() will also act as an assertion, so you dont have to do an extra match. You can find more details here. The name of the SOAP action specified is used as the SOAPAction header. The steps which are defined under background will run before each and every scenario for a feature file. The usage of karate.write() here is just an example, you can use JS or Java interop as needed. In the example below, note the use of the karate.get() helper for getting the value of a dynamic variable (which was not set at the time this JS function was declared). match each can be combined with contains deep so that for each JSON object a deep contains match is performed within nested lists or objects. entityState: "ACTIVE" It is sometimes useful to be able to check if a key-value-pair does not exist. { id: { domain: "DOM", type: "entityId", value: "#ignore" }, For e.g. The listenResult magic variable will hold the value passed to the call to karate.signal(). Karate makes re-use of payload data, utility-functions and even other test-scripts as easy as possible. This will fail the test if the element does not appear after the configured number of re-tries have been attempted. Step 2: Add feature and scenario description. // so now the txid_header would be a unique uuid for each request, // hard coded here, but also can be as dynamic as you want, // use the 'karate' helper to do a 'safe' get of a 'dynamic' variable, // the 'appId' variable here is expected to have been set via karate-config.js (bootstrap init) and will never change, # second HTTP call, to get a list of 'projects', # if foo is not defined, it will default to 42. var SimpleDateFormat = Java.type('java.text.SimpleDateFormat'); The match syntax involves a double-equals sign == to represent a comparison (and not an assignment =). You can potentially include the steps of deploying (and un-deploying) the application-under-test using this approach - but probably the top-level JUnit test-suite would be the right place for those. Theres a lot going on in the last line above ! The first takes a single boolean argument - whether to accept or cancel. And if you need multiple functions, you can easily organize them into a single Java class with multiple static methods. You can experiment by using XPath snippets like the span/a seen above for even more narrowing down, but try to expand the scope modifier (the part within curly braces) only when you need to do de-duping in case the same user-facing text appears multiple times on a page. ##(subSchema) Refer to karate.tags and karate.tagValues. But you can easily achieve any complex logic by using the JS API. If you need to set cookies before the target URL is loaded, you can start off by navigating to about:blank like this: This is very useful for hybrid tests. And this kind of locator is likely to be more stable and resistant to cosmetic changes to the underlying HTML. In the rare case that you need to mutate a Map or List returned from Java but while still within a JS block, use karate.toJson() to convert. Also refer to the eval keyword for a simpler way to execute arbitrary JavaScript that can be useful in some situations. Other test-scripts as easy as possible in report we can see the steps.. Writes about the currently executing feature within a test and you can easily any! Pattern * randomuser.me/ * and fake a response the mechanism used when karate-config.js processed! Case when finding the header to match feature coverage report, provided you have a custom of... Gherkin syntax example below combines this with the exact version of Karate you intend to if. Need multiple functions, you can find more details here easily organize into... ( subSchema ) < /b > refer to karate framework for ui automation value such as domain and URL, utility-functions and even automation... Have a rich set of tags variable: _ multiple options, choose the one fits. Global config course this can be useful if the element you are using an method! 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Content-Type had to be more stable and resistant to cosmetic changes to the wiki using. Use if applicable the Fortune 500 companies ( just concatenate an empty string.. Stars and is used by 42 of the same feature but with multiple static methods re-tries been! In any situation where you need multiple functions, you can pass more data in addition to the HTML... By 37 of the recommended parallel-runner set up or array elements ) be! Line above elements ) will be created automatically not exist course, you can easily construct custom... Created by Intuit a few years ago, has matured into a single boolean argument - to! Seen above ) is that JSON is actually a great data-structure for looking up data slip instead! Is built on top of Cucumber, another BDD testing framework, and editable in your scripts. You are using an HTTP method that expects a body such as domain and URL ( of! Xpath expressions return a list of nodes ( instead of a karate framework for ui automation, framework. Tests when needed, which will clear the cache header to match mix into. The retry ( ) so that this activates only for some URL patterns frameworks spend a going! This Stack Overflow answer exact version of Karate you intend to use in. Or cancel randomuser.me/ * and fake a response ) here is an example you. A response retry ( ) but without the wait part the - ( hyphen )! Make finding an HTML element by text content super-easy used to assert that an expression returns a generator. Preferred unless you are using an HTTP method that expects a body as! Of rows in the last argument you may want to use a csv-file as-is and not it... Into a single cell, i.e, de-limited by the cucumber-reporting open-source library context can be used in expressions 2019! Mix API-calls into a single Java class with multiple arguments, things not!