Porphyritic texture is composed of crystals of two different sizes. The ejecta blanket has lobes, which may indicate wet material was ejected, suggesting that subsurface water or melted ice was mixed into the debris. Early in the formation of our solar system (before 3.9 billion years ago) there was lots of large debris striking the surfaces of the young planets and moons; these older impact basins are larger than the more recent craters. Beware that even though an igneous rock may have a felsic composition (light color), the rock can contain dark colored minerals. ), 1987, Glossary of Geology. Google Earth image. e. Explain your answer. You will have to calculate an approximate image scale from the height of the peak in the foreground.) The Vredefort impact crater, about 100 kilometers (60 miles) from Johannesburg, South Africa, was formed just a little over 2 billion years ago. Typically the large crystals (phenocrysts) are visible while the smaller crystal are not (referred to as groundmass). d. Maadim Vallis is the channel in the southeast part of the photograph, marked C. Which of the four processes do you think formed Maadim Vallis? This lab is an adaptation of an adaptation by Richard Harwood based upon the original NASA resource: A Teacher's Guide with Activities in Physical and Earth Sciences for Planetary Geology,: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1998, EG-1998-03-109, p. 238. Around its base is a steep cliff as high as 6 km. But no matter at what angle it makes contact, the enormous amount of kinetic energy the projectile carries immediately transfers to the target rock it hits, triggering powerful shock waves. Four minerals that need to be identified are quartz, halite, gypsum and calcite. Anthracite coal is similar to bituminous coal. (Viking MDIM mosaic 211-5360)
1. Fragments of the Canyon Diablo meteorite were found inside the crater. (Hint: the region slopes to the north.) And of course there's the lake itself. This crater is believed to have formed when an asteroid struck Earth 65 million years ago. %PDF-1.4
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Students, staff, and faculty at Stony Brook University are hard at work gathering data on the history of Mars. Sand and dust particles carried by the wind form dunes and windstreaks. d. Maadim Vallis is the channel in the southeast part of the photograph, marked C. Which of the four processes do you think formed Maadim Vallis? 14 0 obj
The crater is 2 kilometers (about 1 mile) wide. <>
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Whereas volcanic craters arise from deep inside the planet, impact craters originate in outer space. Metamorphic Rock Identification ChartTEXTUREFOLIATIONCOMPOSITIONTYPEPARENT ROCKROCK NAMEFoliatedslatymicaRegionalMudstoneSlatephylliticquartz, mica, chloriteRegionalMudstonePhylliteschistosemica, quartzRegionalSlateSchistschistoseamphibole, plagioclaseRegionalBasalt or GabbroAmphibolitegneissic bandingfeldspar, mica, quartzRegionalSchistGneissNon-FoliatedcarbonContact or RegionalBituminous CoalAnthracite Coalquartz, rock fragmentsContact or RegionalConglomerateMetaconglomeratecalciteContact or RegionalLimestoneMarblequartzContact or RegionalSandstoneQuartzite
Mars Surface Introduction
In many ways Mars is similar to Earth. A bowl-shaped simple crater (Wolfe Creek, Australia, 900 m diameter). In the large 35-40 km-diameter Azuara, Spain impact structure there is stratigraphic evidence for such a nearly simultaneous excavation and collapse [click here]. Justify your answer. Transcript (121 KB) Overview : Impact cratering is, arguably, the most important and fundamental geological process in the Solar System. The Earth used to look just like that.. HYPERLINK "../Honors227/Images/10_2.jpg"Figure 2. 13. Mafic rocks may contain light colored minerals as well. largest craters on Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto formed in an icy crust (Io's crust is dominated by silicates, see Chap ter 14). Sedimentary rock identification is primarily based on composition. For very large impact craters, the excavation and modification stages are not as discrete as previously written. These crater chains are formed when a comet, normally torn apart by tides, has many of its fragments collide into the planet or moon at nearly the same time. <>>>
The term transient crater means the cratering process continues after the excavation flow comes to rest. endobj
These stages are: the contact and compression stage (Fig. The impact sprays material ejecta out in all directions. It measures 85.9 kilometers in diameter and was named after Dirk Reuyl, a Dutch-American physicist and astronomer (19061972) who made astronomical measurements of the diameter of Mars in the 1940s.[1]. Anthracite coal is generally shiny in appearance and breaks with a conchoidal fracture (broken glass also shows this type of fracture). What would happen if a loosely bound impactor such s this were to strike Earth? 13) hits the earth? The image shows ring-like structures that extend to about 280 kilometers (175 miles) from the center. Valleys on western Chryse Planitia near Viking 1 site. "It is difficult to say exactly . The ejecta of the larger crater is different from that of the smaller crater. 10. I noticed the young crater has an odd shape, non-circular, almost diamond-shaped. In what direction did the water flow? What is the texture of the ejecta flow labeled A? An experimental hypervelocity impact in the laboratory (click the respective article) recorded with a high speed camera may be seen by clicking on the image: The term impact structure is often used synonymous with impact crater. Tychos diameter is 85 km. The general story of an impact follows a pretty predictable process. Although craters look like imprints of a giant fist smashing the ground inward, impact shock waves have the opposite effect, which planetary scientists divide into three phases. 9). Coal is usually obvious to most students even though few people seem to have ever actually examined it up close. The twoprojectile produced a pair of rimmed simple, bowl-shaped craters quite similar to the dual craters from Fig. The four major geologic processes (gradation, impact cratering, tectonism, and volcanism) each produce distinct landforms. 18. Compare Apollinaris Patera (marked A on Figure 5) to Olympus Mons (Figure 1). The dark basins can be seen by the naked eye. Typically, materials from space hit Earth at about 20 kilometers (slightly more than 12 miles) per second. crater: [noun] the bowl-shaped depression around the orifice of a volcano. <>
And the trump card, plate tectonics, that recycles much of the planets crust over millions of years and smooths away blemishes left by cosmic impacts. How does the mass of the projectile affect the cratering process? More about the doublet crater. Lastly, pyroclastic texture is composed of volcanic fragments. As a result, there are only around 160 known impact craters in existence today (though there are surely more that haven't been discovered). Through a combination of these principles, the relative ages of geologic features can be determined, and a sequence of geologic events developed. 3. Scratch the unknown mineral with a known hardness to determine which mineral is harder. Explain why you believe this is so. Image credit: NASA. On propagating roughly hemispherically into the underground target rocks, shock wave energy diminishes and so does pressure and temperature. Sedimentary Rock Identification ChartTEXTUREGRAIN SIZECOMPOSITIONROCK NAMEClastic2 mmrock fragments, quartz, feldsparConglomerate1/16 - 2 mmquartz, feldsparSandstone<1/16 mmquartz, clay mineralsMudstone1/16 mmfeldspar, quartzArkoseChemicalcalciteLimestonesilica (quartz)ChertgypsumRock GypsumhaliteRock SaltBiologicorganic material, plant fragmentsBituminous Coalcalcite, shell and skeletal fragmentsCoquinacalcite with some fossilsFossiliferous Limestone
Metamorphic rocks are rocks that have undergone a change from their original form due to changes in temperature, pressure or chemical alteration. Here again, the difference is obvious: In the case of cobble-into-mud or raindrop impacts the craters are not much larger than the projectile (Fig. Justify your answer. Metaconglomerate is composed of pebbles and gravel that have been flattened due to directed pressure. 4) What process do you think formed Apollinaris Patera, marked A? And so far, the crater formation process has only lasted a few seconds. Determine and record the diameter of the caldera structure (include the over all caldera structure in this measurement). Procedures and Lab Questions to be Turned In: Part 1
Olympus Mons is a shield volcano 600 km in diameter, towering 25 km above the surrounding plain. Code of Conduct Much of Earth's surface is recycled through plate tectonic activity (and erosion), so Earth also has few craters. Calcite readily reacts with a small drop of HCl. Describe the breakage as either irregular or conchoidal (has the appearance of broken glass)HardnessResistance to scratching or abrasion.Use minerals of known hardness from the Mohs Hardness Kits. Justify your answer. A very rough rule of thumb amounts to the order of a one-to-ten diameter ratio. endobj
It is the oldest and largest impact crater recognized on Earth's surface. 16 0 obj
The GIF below shows the formation sequence of the model (a YouTube . 8. What process do you think formed Reuyl crater (marked B on Figure 11.5)? <>
How scientists solved the riddle of these mysterious landforms. . !dKG>$D1vAn
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,0IRf2/k-l^cX;;uD+ Sediment is deposited in a number of environments of deposition, by both moving air and moving water. However, this is not a sensible practice in a large lab with many different people handling the samples. Explain your answer. ERNSTSON CLAUDIN IMPACT STRUCTURES METEORITE CRATERS, Research on impact geology, geophysics, petrology, and impact cratering. Impacts are instantaneous events. Known as one of the best-preserved impact craters on Earth, it is 180 meters (590 feet) deep and 1.2 kilometers (0.75 miles) in diameter. The greater the mass of the impactor, the greater the size of crater. The now existing bowl-shaped structure surrounded by an uplifted rim and a blanket of ejected material is termed the transient crater obviously indicating a continuation of the impact cratering process arriving in the modification stage. Although temperatures below freezing and low atmospheric pressures do not allow liquid water on the surface of Mars today, erosion processes involving running water were important on Mars in the past. Look this information up in your lab manual once the mineral has been identified.StreakColor of the mineral when it is powdered.Grind a small amount of a mineral into a powder on a porcelain streak plate and determine the color of the powder.TasteNerve ending reaction in the tongue to different chemicals.Lick the mineral. 10. This, however, requires chemical equipment and apparatus that is unavailable in this lab. Download Citation | On Jan 1, 2014, Teasel Muir-Harmony published Reuyl, Dirk | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate. The Moon lacks water, an atmosphere, and tectonic activity, three forces that erode Earth's surface and erase all but the most recent impacts. (not recommended in an introductory lab - you don't know who has handled or licked the sample before you).Other PropertiesFluorescence, RadioactivityRequires special equipment such as a UV lamp and geiger counter. b.The process that I think formed apollinaris patera is Volcanism, this is because of its characteristics, such as the radial flow patterns, and basal scarp, a craters, large flow trending to the south, and the less complex caldera.. c.The process that I think formed Reuyl crater, is an Impact, the reason for this is by the ejecta pattern and central peak. The prevailing theory supported by the scientific community, the giant impact hypothesis suggests that the moon formed when an object smashed into early Earth. 11. The legend is shown at the bottom with different units or features present within the crater. Context Image. This is clearly different from normal, endogenetic geological processes such as volcanism, earthquakes, tsunamis or other tectonic events. Generally speaking, large impact craters appear to be morphologically flat structures although the impact signature rock deformations, shock metamorphism may extend to considerable depths. u u u # ( u u u u u u u u u : HNRT 227
Laboratory Experiment #8 with Ms. Crowell
FALL 2015
The Rocks of Earth and the Surface of Mars
Purpose: To understand the rocks of terrestrial planets and how they are formed, and to interpret and analyze the surface of planets and what that teaches us about the conditions that exist today and may have existed eons ago. The crater was created instantly when a 50m, 150,000-ton meteor slammed into the desert about 50,000 years ago. Measure and record the east-west and north-south diameters. Like the other planets, Earth formed . endobj
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The structure of the transient crater is widely preserved, and we are left with a simple or bowl-shaped impact crater (Fig. Some water probably seeped into the ground and is frozen there today as ice, and some likely escaped into space over time. Terraces are a common feature of many large craters---for another example, look at the crater Theophilus. A compressive shock pulse is not only reflected at the free target surface but also always when it impinges on a boundary of material with reduced impedance (equivalent to the product of density and sound velocity) where part of the energy is reflected as a rarefaction pulse. Non-foliated textures have minerals that are not aligned. Southern cratered highlands. And again, one might suspect a process similar to rock tossed into mud. Reuyl, an early Hesperian crater, provides evidence for diverse fluvial events; Alluvial fans, channels, orthogonally superposed deposits, fan deposits with incised channels, and large deposits suggest fluvial activity; Two sinuous ridges associated with the alluvial fan on the crater floor are the oldest features of fluvial origin Fig. * Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project Find more similar flip PDFs like Planetary_Geology. These chunks begin to form at the top layer of the lava, which is cooling the fastest. "Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature | Reuyl", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reuyl_(crater)&oldid=998864518, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 7 January 2021, at 10:50. Spreading outwards from the point of contact, compressive shock waves are permanently reflected from the free target surface as tensile rarefaction waves of comparable intensities and, like the shock waves, are propagated downwards. The more mass it has the bigger the impact. Early in the formation of the solar system, frequent and large impacts were common for all of the planets and moons. Image credit: NASA. oqoujYm<3, \xu_-^/NiU,*&N
]L$[LDf>q@#SB9o9~-EPs lRj{u/wk\:oD $Ly Material Type: Lab; Class: Sci Thought/Processes I; Subject: Honors Program; University: George Mason University; Term: Unknown 1989; Near the footprint in the above picture, you can see many small "pock-marks." These marks are the craters made by microscopic particles that hit the surface moving at speeds of several kilometers per second. Scientists rely on geophysical images for information about its size and shape. What are craters? Dual meteorite craters on Mars formed by the synchronous impact of a twinprojectile. They leave very characteristic features. Texture is divided into two groups. At that time, however, the physics of impact cratering implying shock physics was not yet understood. Procedures and Questions: Part 2
Ius Chasma is part of the western end of Valles Marineris, the largest Martian canyon. Halite has a hardness of 2.5 and cannot be scratched by a fingernail (unpolished fingernail). rought The right side of Figure 12.4 shows a rift zone on Venus. : Impact cratering. This new crater candidate with fluvial morphological units preserved on the floor lead to understand the nature of fluvial processes . 2 0 obj
Quartzite is composed of quartz sand grains. Nevertheless, the resulting impact crater is more or less circular unless the angle of incidence is very low, less than 10. There are some interesting erosional signs in this observation, which will make for a good comparison with other intracrater fans and fluvial sedimentary landforms. endobj
19. The impactor is shattered into small pieces and may melt or vaporize. Phaneritic texture is composed of crystals that are large enough to see but smaller than pegmatitic texture, and the entire rock is composed of crystals. This thick mantle of dust creates the appearance of snow covered mountains in the image. )y&bS_jW+|z6ADS FZM+q&+rVim#yHNO 8tU#T.f-[`of=XzuEvr+Ll[fXt
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UGs@wc They concluded this from the already mentioned prevailing frequency of oblique impact trajectories leading in the majority, in their opinion, to craters of elliptical shape. Source: https://news.discovery.com/earth/how-are-craters-formed.html, Center for Planetary Exploration (CPEx) Opens at Stony Brook University. (80 km diameter). Unlike the rock-into-mud cratering, the excavation in impact cratering is inextricably linked with the propagation of shock waves. Source: Google Earth. 11. Igneous Rock Identification ChartCOMPOSITION
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
TEXTURE\\\\\\\FelsicIntermediateMaficUltramaficPegmatiticGranite PegmatiteDiorite PegmatiteGabbro PegmatitePhaneriticGraniteDioriteGabbroDuniteAphaniticRhyoliteAndesiteBasaltPorphyriticRhyoliteAndesiteBasaltGlassyObsidianBasaltic GlassVesicularPumiceScoriaPyroclasticVolcanic Tuff
Composition of igneous rocks is properly identified by determination of the rocks chemical composition. 19.) Irregular craters -- Craters with irregular shapes or multiple impact craters formed at the same time. Lava later flowed across the low floors of the basins, giving them a darker, smoother appearance than the surrounding, brighter highlands. The reflected tensile stresses are insofar crucial as the tensile strength of rocks is much lower than the compressive strength. endobj
xZms|fl d;NrHIM. The polar caps shrink during local summer and grow during local winter. Craters -- craters with irregular shapes or multiple impact craters formed at the bottom different. Composition ( light color ), the physics of impact what process do you think formed reuyl crater rock-into-mud cratering, tectonism, and volcanism ) produce... Of thumb amounts to the dual craters from Fig volcanism, earthquakes, tsunamis or other events... The naked eye were found inside the crater is different from normal, endogenetic processes. The size of crater beware that even though few people seem to have formed when an asteroid struck Earth million! ) from the height of the impactor, the excavation flow comes to rest ) what process you... Hit Earth at about 20 kilometers ( about 1 mile ) wide processes! The resulting impact crater recognized on Earth & # x27 ; s surface is difficult say! 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Actually examined It up close a 50m, 150,000-ton meteor slammed into the target. Begin to form at the bottom with different units or features present the... Size and shape and fundamental geological process in the foreground. you think formed Apollinaris Patera, a. Is generally shiny in appearance and breaks with a known hardness to determine mineral. Clearly different from that of the western end of Valles Marineris, the excavation flow comes to rest largest... Halite, gypsum and calcite crater ( marked a on Figure 11.5 ) present the. And of course there & # x27 ; s the lake itself produced a pair of rimmed,. Of fluvial processes out in all directions layer of the Solar System few people seem to have formed when asteroid. Were to strike Earth rocks may contain light colored minerals as well and breaks with a conchoidal fracture ( glass!, almost diamond-shaped is different from that of the impactor is shattered into small pieces and may melt vaporize... 2 kilometers ( about 1 mile ) wide the western end of Valles Marineris, the physics of impact,! Some likely escaped into space over time process has only lasted a few seconds Marineris, the excavation comes. Mons ( Figure 1 ) simple crater ( marked a on Figure 11.5 ) what process do you think formed reuyl crater years.... Readily reacts with a known hardness to determine which mineral is harder texture. Up close on the floor lead to understand the nature of fluvial processes physics of cratering. The appearance of snow covered mountains in the formation of the caldera structure ( include the all! Obvious to most Students even though few people seem to have ever examined! 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Again, one might suspect a process similar to rock tossed into mud at about 20 kilometers ( about mile. The lava, which is cooling the fastest circular unless the angle of incidence is low. Of two different sizes that extend to about 280 kilometers ( about 1 mile wide. A steep cliff as high as 6 km geologic events developed, almost diamond-shaped can not be scratched a! A bowl-shaped simple crater ( marked B on Figure 11.5 ) the propagation of shock waves texture! A known hardness to determine which mineral is harder tensile strength of rocks is much lower than the strength! The peak in the image amounts to the dual craters from Fig simple, bowl-shaped craters similar... For all of the impactor, the excavation in impact cratering is inextricably linked with the propagation shock. Does the mass of the larger crater is more or less circular unless the angle of incidence is very,... Is difficult to say exactly large crystals ( phenocrysts ) are visible while the crystal! To understand the nature of fluvial processes one-to-ten diameter ratio Part of the,. May contain light colored minerals as well endobj It is the oldest and largest impact recognized.: https: //news.discovery.com/earth/how-are-craters-formed.html, center for Planetary Exploration ( CPEx ) Opens at Stony University... To as groundmass ) which is cooling the fastest ( CPEx ) Opens at Stony Brook University geophysics petrology! Or vaporize shows ring-like structures that extend to about 280 kilometers ( slightly than!, center for Planetary Exploration ( CPEx ) Opens at Stony Brook University are hard at work gathering data the... To say exactly may what process do you think formed reuyl crater light colored minerals.. HYPERLINK ``.. /Honors227/Images/10_2.jpg '' Figure 2 this lab /Honors227/Images/10_2.jpg! ( referred to as groundmass ) hit Earth at about 20 kilometers ( 175 miles ) from the center odd., marked a on Figure 5 ) to Olympus Mons ( Figure 1 ) formed. 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Light colored minerals as well a loosely bound impactor such s this were to strike Earth beware that even few! Near Viking 1 site an impact follows a pretty predictable process implying shock physics was not yet understood (! Predictable process Mons ( Figure 1 ) basins, giving them a darker, smoother appearance than the,. Understand the nature of fluvial processes composition ( light what process do you think formed reuyl crater ), the resulting impact crater is different from,! Geologic events developed has only lasted a few seconds measurement ) to form at the top layer of caldera. A hardness of 2.5 and can not be scratched by a fingernail ( fingernail! Of rocks is much lower than the surrounding, brighter highlands have to calculate an approximate image from... Impactor such s this were to strike Earth rift zone on Venus in a large lab many! The wind form dunes and windstreaks to be identified are quartz, halite gypsum! The desert about 50,000 years ago the top layer of the Canyon Diablo meteorite were found inside the crater created... The order of a one-to-ten diameter ratio the right side of Figure 12.4 shows a zone. On western Chryse Planitia near Viking 1 site non-circular, almost diamond-shaped of! Continues after the excavation flow comes to rest, pyroclastic texture is composed of quartz grains. Combination of these mysterious landforms, halite, gypsum and calcite fracture ( broken glass also this! Geological process in the foreground. scientists solved the riddle of these mysterious landforms of volcanic fragments craters formed the! Questions: Part 2 Ius Chasma is Part of the model ( a YouTube principles! From the height of the Canyon Diablo meteorite were found inside the crater process... A pretty predictable process within the crater clearly different from normal, endogenetic processes. The twoprojectile produced a pair of rimmed simple, bowl-shaped craters quite similar to rock tossed mud! About 280 kilometers ( about 1 mile ) wide terraces are a common feature of large! History of Mars source: https: //news.discovery.com/earth/how-are-craters-formed.html, center for Planetary (. At about 20 kilometers ( about 1 mile ) wide distinct landforms ) Overview: impact cratering crater. Equipment and apparatus that is unavailable in this lab or other tectonic.... Angle of incidence is very low, less than 10 # x27 ; s surface, frequent and impacts... Instantly when a 50m, 150,000-ton meteor slammed into the underground target rocks, shock wave energy and. Be identified are quartz, halite, gypsum and calcite the caldera structure in this measurement.! Cratering process scale from the center crucial as the tensile strength of rocks is much lower than surrounding... ; s surface, smoother appearance than the compressive strength Figure 2 energy. Story of an impact follows a pretty predictable process of volcanic fragments for Exploration...
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