Several interesting patterns emerge from this breakdown. Malayalam (6 percent), Urdu (5 percent), Marathi (4 percent), and Kannada (3 percent) round out the list. Twenty-seven percent are H-1B visa holders, a visa status for high-skilled or specialty workers in the United States that has historically been dominated by the technology sector. However, the major distinction has to do with the intensity of this feeling, exemplified by the sharp difference in the share of respondents who report being very comfortable with friends of the opposite faith: 52 percent of Hindus are very comfortable having close Muslim friends, while 46 percent of Muslims are very comfortable having close Hindu friends. 2023 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. For complete survey topline results, please visit Appendix B online. From 2009 to 2020, immigrants of Asian descent outnumbered those of Hispanic descent in terms of race and ethnicity. Thirty percent of non-citizen IAAS respondents possess a green card (or a permanent residency card), which places them on a pathway to gaining U.S. citizenship. You guys are incredible.1, While some in the media interpreted Bidens off-the-cuff remark as an unfortunate gaffe, others viewed it as affirmation of the growing influence of the Indian American diaspora. Only adult respondents (ages eighteen and above) who identified as Indian American or a person of (Asian) Indian origin were able to participate in the survey. Clear differences along religious lines are evident in the responses to the question on the frequency of prayer (see figure 9). . Indian Americans exhibit high rates of marriage and low rates of divorce. (Hence, the percentages do not add up to 100.) Several Asian, African, and Central American countries also have large immigrant populations. Young people place less importance on being Indian, even after controlling for how long they have been in the United States. Using data from the U.S. Census Bureau, Business Insider identified the country of origin of the largest group of foreign-born residents in each state. Respondents who acknowledge a caste identity are only slightly more likely to report that some of their social network is made up of people of the same caste (41 percent versus 33 percent for those without a caste identity). The data for this survey are based on a unique survey of 1,200 adults of Indian origin conducted between September 1 and September 20, 2020. Asian immigrants collectively comprised 28% of all immigrants by region of birth in 2018. The states with the largest number of immigrants from India are California, New Jersey, and New York. 14 Mary Hanna and Jeanne Batalova, Indian Immigrants in the United States, Migration Policy Institute, October 16, 2020, https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/indian-immigrants-united-states-2019. This study is the third in a series on the social, political, and foreign policy attitudes of Indian Americans. The IAAS asks respondents, Which of the following best describes your personal group of friends? Respondents choose from a list of five possible responses (not counting dont know): that all, most, some, very few, or none of their friends are of Indian origin. Pew Research Center regularly publishes statistical portraits of the nations foreign-born population, which include historical trends since 1960. Thirty-six percent of Hindus with a household income below $50,000 identify with caste, but that share rises to 50 percent among households making between $50,000$100,000 and 52 percent for those above $100,000. citizens. 56 To find details on the Economist-YouGov collaboration or to compare some of the IAAS findings on Indian Americans with the American population more generally, visit https://today.yougov.com/topics/economist/survey-results. The survey asks respondents if they are a member of any Indian American organization or group, such as a cultural, regional, religious, caste, community, or school-based organization. Based on these portraits, here are answers to some key questions about the U.S. immigrant population. The immigrant population in the United States is extraordinarily diverse, with immigrants hailing from almost every nation. Further methodological details can be found in Appendix A, along with a state-wise map of survey respondents. The survey furthers asks respondents to assess whether they believe that domestic politics in India might be creating or exacerbating divisions within the Indian American community. The number of apprehensions at the U.S.-Mexico border has doubled from fiscal 2018 to fiscal 2019, from 396,579 in fiscal 2018 to 851,508 in fiscal 2019. 32 The latter figure might be even greater if there are those who consider their Indian identity to be so unimportant that they do not self-identify as a person of (Asian) Indian origin in the YouGov panel to begin with. Source: aiisha5 / iStock . Immigrants convicted of a crime made up the less than half of deportations in 2018, the most recent year for which statistics by criminal status are available. In 2018, immigrants were over three times as likely as the U.S. born to have not completed high school (27% vs. 8%). Given that only 5 percent of IAAS respondents report being victims of caste discrimination, any subgroup analysis must be interpreted with due care given the small sample sizes involved. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); document.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); 2023 Dallas Express. Today, more than 40 million people living in the U.S. were born in another country, accounting for about one-fifth of the worlds migrants. Immigration will continue to shape our communities for generations to come. The top countries of origin for immigrants were India (11 percent of immigrants), Mexico (8 percent), China (6 percent), the Philippines (3 percent), and Canada (3 percent). Second, around one-third of Christians and Hindus and two-fifths of Muslims are situated in the middle, reporting that some of their Indian American networks are made up of friends of the same religion. Around 337,000 immigrants were deported from the U.S. in fiscal 2018, up since 2017. Motivated by their emotional ties to India, as well as their rights and responsibilities as American citizens, Indian Americans have pushed the U.S. government to mount a large-scale humanitarian response.54. The balance (around 7 percent) consists of less frequently listed languages, ranging from Sindhi to Santali. On the other end of the spectrum, 30 percent of Indian Americans born in the United States answer that being Indian is either somewhat or very unimportant to their identitya response given by just 17 percent of foreign-born Indian Americans. 24/7 Wall St. And despite the overall professional, educational, and financial success many Indian Americans enjoy, this has not inoculated them from the forces of discrimination, polarization, and contestation over questions of belonging and identity. 1615 L St. NW, Suite 800Washington, DC 20036USA The survey asks respondents whetherin the past one yearthey participated in any of four common methods of civic engagement: working with others in their community to solve a problem; performing voluntary community service without pay; attending a public meeting, such as for a school board or city council; or attending a protest march, demonstration, or rally. To probe this issue, the survey provides respondents with eight identity categories and asks them which of the following best describes their background. Third, caste discrimination is a surprisingly equal opportunity offense. Yet these views vary starkly by political affiliation. On the contrary, India continues to exist in the present as it influences the lives of the diasporaeven as its members chart a new path in their adopted home. We are grateful to Tobin Hansen of Carnegie for his assistance with the design and the analysis of the survey. To produce the final data set, respondents were matched to a sampling frame on gender, age, and education. Democrats, however, are more strident in their views toward individuals from the other party. Figure 4 unpacks this further and looks at three categories of spouses or partners: Indian origin but born in India; Indian origin but born in the United States; and non-Indian origin. Respondents can select from one of three responses: very comfortable, somewhat comfortable, or not comfortable. However, their political views in the latter might also be influenced by politics in their country of origin. In that sense, the currents coursing their way through the Indian diaspora are perhaps reflective not only of broader developments in American society but alsoand perhaps even to a greater extentthe turbulence afflicting India. Taken together, more than three-quarters of Indian Americans place a high value on their Indian-ness. Around 22 percent state that their Indian identity is either somewhat or very unimportant.32. Rankings only apply to origin countries that meet this criterion. Seventy-six percent believe there is a similar degree of discrimination against Hispanic people, while 71 percent say the same about discrimination against people of Asian origin.47. While the existence of caste discrimination in India is incontrovertible, its precise extent and intensity in the United States can be contested. The national origins of such immigrant populations likewise differ significantly. Somali immigrants are the second-largest immigrant group in Minnesota. However, todays immigrant share remains below the record 14.8% share in 1890, when 9.2 million immigrants lived in the U.S. The survey, drawing on both citizens and non-citizens in the United States, was conducted online using YouGovs proprietary panel of 1.8 million Americans and has an overall margin of error of +/- 2.8 percent. Douglas Farrar, Cliff Djajapranata, Fiona Garguilo, Jessica Katz, Laura Lucas Magnuson, Lori Merritt, Tim Martin, Jocelyn Soly, and Cameron Zotter contributed design, editorial, and production assistance. The February 2021 IAAS study found several indications that polarization in India had successfully metastasized in the Indian American community in the United States. Fewer than one in ten respondents (9 percent) do not participate in any of these seven holidays. Mexico was the most often mentioned birthplace among respondents in 32 states who indicated they were born outside of the U.S. More than 11 million immigrants, or nearly 25% of all immigrants in the U.S., come from Mexico. As one might expect, first-generation (foreign-born) and second-generation (U.S.-born) respondents approach this question differently (see figure 12). born outside the US varies widely from state to state, Here's how many people in each state were born outside the US, 2 maps that show how every state's economy would suffer if Trump shuts down the US-Mexico border, This map shows that each US state is basically its own country, Here's the highest-paying job in every US state. 1 Remarks by President Biden in a Call to Congratulate the NASA JPL Perseverance Team on the Successful Mars Landing, White House, March 4, 2021, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2021/03/04/remarks-by-president-biden-in-a-call-to-congratulate-the-nasa-jpl-perseverance-team-on-the-successful-mars-landing/. Minnesota has proportionally fewer immigrants compared to the nation as a whole, but we have long been a state shaped by immigration. 36 A November 2020 Pew survey of American voters found that 36 percent of respondents demonstrated support for a candidate on social media, one quarter contributed money to a political campaign, 10 percent said they attended a virtual political rally or online campaign event, and 6 percent attended an online campaign event. . In all, 52 percent of Indians in America completed their education in the United States. That means just less than half of all respondents believe that Indian Americans face a greater degree of discrimination than at least one other minority group. Nearly one in four respondents reports no particular attachment to a state of origin. Of that segment that was educated abroad, 42 percent arrived in the United States with an undergraduate degree and another 38 percent had completed a graduate or professional degree before their arrival. Brazil 16,746. (2022) By tidal93341. Americans were divided on future levels of immigration. Additionally, a narrow focus on demographics such as income, wealth, education, and professional success can obscure important (and sometimes uncomfortable) social truths. The states with the largest immigrant populations are California, New York, Florida, and Texas. As one might expect, the composition of respondents social networks varies by their birthplace. These are not merely academic questions. Report this user for behavior that violates our Community Guidelines. From 1820 to 2013, 79 million people obtained lawful permanent resident status in the United States. By 2017, that number had declined by 1.7 million, or 14%. The previous section demonstrated that, for many Indian Americans, shared religious affiliation is the most important characteristic of respondents social networks. In both instances, roughly three-quarters of perpetrators were identified as non-Indians. A majority of Hindus (52 percent) report attending religious services once or twice a month or just a few times a year, while another 25 percent report seldom or never attending religious services. These sentiments are a far cry from those expressed by a special commission established by the U.S. Congress whose 1911 report declared that Hindus were universally regarded as the least desirable race of immigrants thus far admitted to the United States.3 More than a century laterfrom Silicon Valley CEOs to White House power brokers and influential members of Congress to leaders in fields like journalism, health, science, and engineeringthe emergence of the Indian diaspora is a remarkable coming-of-age story. South Korea 16,244. Diwali and Holi are largely celebrated by Hindus, while very few non-Muslims commemorate Eid. Responses are divided neatly into thirds when it comes to who is doing the discriminating: Indians, non-Indians, and people of both categories are almost equally to blame.49. Specifically, this study addresses seven questions concerning the social realities of Indian Americans: This study is the third in a series of empirical papers on the Indian American community. Rounding out the list, 41 percent report celebrating Holi (the Indian festival of colors that traditionally marks the beginning of Spring), 39 percent celebrate Valentines Day, 35 percent mark Indian Independence Day (August 15), and 20 percent commemorate Eid. Second, while respondents suggest Indians hold somewhat greater responsibility for engaging in discriminatory practices along religion and gender lines, here too they point mainly to non-Indians or a combination of Indians and non-Indians as primary sources of discrimination. There is a similar trend in naturalization for those who immigrated and later took U.S. citizenship. Although a large proportion are not U.S. citizens (38 percent), roughly 2.6 million are (1.4 million are naturalized citizens and 1.2 million were born in the United States). Thirty-one percent respond that it is a major problem, 53 percent believe it is a minor problem, and a small minority (17 percent) believe it is not a problem at all. Nearly one in five (19 percent) identify this way, compared to 10 percent of Muslims and only 6 percent of Hindus. How then do we make sense of the heterogeneity encapsulated by the more than 4 million people of Indian origin in the United States, a group that is the second-fastest-growing immigrant community in the country? Not all lawful permanent residents choose to pursue U.S. citizenship. The next largest origin groups were those from China (6%), India (6%), the Philippines (4%) and El Salvador (3%). Of the 337,000 immigrants deported in 2018, some 44% had criminal convictions and 56% were not convicted of a crime. Hindus who recently arrived in the United States are just as likely to identify with a caste group as those who have been here for a quarter-century or more.31. Once more, U.S.-born citizens lead the pack with 22 percent of them reporting participation in this activity. Rounding out the list are caste (35 percent), economic policy (29 percent), and language (24 percent). Figure 5 maps respondents states of origin in India. The term net international migration describes the total number of people moving to a state from another country minus people moving to another country from that state. Overall, there are 632 respondents in the IAAS sample who belong to the Hindu faith but only 293 who report identifying with a caste group. The English are the largest ethnic group among the 3.9 million people counted, though nearly one in five Americans are of African heritage. The ordering in table 2 roughly corresponds with the map shown below. Of the over one million foreign born from India in the U.S., over half live in just five states. Seventy-four percent of Hindu respondents who report not identifying with a caste nevertheless know enough to be able to identify the caste identities of their social networks. For instance, for Indian Americans who skeptically view the rise of Hindu majoritarianism in India, it is unclear how they might apportion blame given that religion, leadership, and political parties are all deeply intertwined, especially in the current political scenario. All of the analyses in this study were conducted using the statistical software R and employ sample weights to ensure representativeness. The Census Bureau pooled together survey responses from between 2013 and 2017, allowing the bureau's statisticians to publish estimates of how many people in the foreign-born populations of each state and the District of Columbia came from various countries. To a certain extent, however, many of these factors are inseparable. If you enjoyed this article, please support us today! 29 Maari Zwick-Maitreyi, Thenmozhi Soundararajan, Natasha Dar, Ralph F. Bheel, and Prathap Balakrishnan, Caste in the United States: A Survey of Caste Among South Asian Americans (Equality Labs, 2018). For instance, the social networks of an Indian American in Wyoming (where there are very few Indian Americans) will likely be dominated by non-Indian Americans. Click here for the second part of this series, an examination of how Indian Americans view Indian politics, and click here for the first part of the series, which explores how Indian Americans view U.S. politics. According to a 2019 Pew survey, 70 percent of Americans said religion is very important or somewhat important in their lives.24 Notably, responses to this question in the IAAS sample do not vary greatly by place of birth; respondents born in the United States are nearly as likely to report that religion is important to them as those born outside of the country. 12 Sumitra Badrinathan, Devesh Kapur, and Milan Vaishnav, How Will Indian Americans Vote? Among immigrants ages 5 and older, Spanish is the most commonly spoken language. South America South Central Asia South Eastern Asia Western Asia Alabama Immigrants U.S. born Mexico Guatemala India China/HK Korea Germany Vietnam Philippines United Kingdom Canada Honduras Jamaica Japan Colombia El Salvador Immigrants 20K 40K 60K Mapbox OSM Top 15 countries of birth Migration Policy Institute MPI Data Hub Business Insider/Andy Kiersz, data from US Census Bureau, NOW WATCH: Here's how the map of the United States has changed in 200 years. Questions that measure social distance are often used to understand the salience of group identity and perceptions of group hierarchy, and as a basis of prediction of inter-group prejudice. Twenty-six percent of U.S.-born citizens report taking part in voluntary service compared to 18 percent of foreign-born citizens and 14 percent of non-citizens. Many Indian immigrants might have brought with them identities rooted in their ancestral homeland, while others have eschewed them in favor of a nonhyphenated American identity. Millions of people are polled annually as part of the American Community Survey by the U.S. Census Bureau to learn more . How do they respond to the dual impulses of assimilation and integration? 48 (2010): 99106. By 2055, Asian immigrants are expected to overtake Hispanics as the largest immigrant group in the United States. Because the results are largely the same, this study only reports results from the former. Many states have large immigrant populations from India. The October 2020 IAAS study found that Indian Americans who identify as Democrats rate the Republican Party and former president Donald Trump very unfavorably.44 Republicans, for their part, view the Democrats, current President Joe Biden, and Vice President Kamala Harris in equally unfavorable terms. Not Indian-Americans, simply Americans. Around the same time, Nina Davuluri (who was crowned Miss America 2014) remarked, The fact that I am rooted in Indian culture helped me win [the] Miss America pageant.11. This project has been reviewed and approved by the University of Pennsylvania Institutional Review Board (Protocol #843855). Since 1820. All the analyses in this study employ sampling weights to ensure representativeness.15. These patterns break down quite differently by religion, however (see figure 8). Its findings are based on a nationally representative online survey of 1,200 Indian American residents in the United Statesthe 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey (IAAS)conducted between September 1 and September 20, 2020, in partnership with the research and analytics firm YouGov. Jonathan Kay is a James C. Gaither junior fellow in the South Asia Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Will continue to shape our communities for generations to come of marriage and low rates of marriage low. Million, or 14 % the States with the largest immigrant populations remains below the record %. 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